What is the Bradford Factor?

The Bradford Factor is a simple formula that lets you monitor employee absenteeism over a set period, such as the current business year.

Where does the Bradford Factor come from?

Staff at Bradford University School of Management made the Bradford Factor—also called the Bradford Index—in the 1980s.

Their research found that many short-term absences disrupt a business more than one long-term absence.

The Bradford Factor is a scale for employers to use to better understand how much of an impact an employee's absence really has on their business.

How does the Bradford Factor work?

Here's an example.

Let's say two of your staff each took twelve days' absence in a year, but with different patterns of absence.

Employee A took one long absence of twelve days.

Employee B, on the other hand, took one day off per month over a twelve-month period.

The Bradford Factor suggests that the impacts of the two workers' time off are different.

More specifically, that Employee B's absences had a worse impact on your business.

How do I work out the Bradford Factor?

Using the Bradford Factor formula, you can "apply a relative weighting to employee unplanned absences".

A weighting is an effect that an event such as an employee's absence will have on your running of the business at a day-to-day level.

The bigger the weighting score, the larger the expected effect.

When talking about unplanned absences, we mean things like:

• Sickness.
• Doctor appointments.
• Family emergencies.
• Unauthorised absences.

Next up is the calculation.

You work out the Bradford Factor using the Bradford Formula:

S² x D = B.

S is the total number of separate absences by a person. You times this number by itself.
D is the total number of days of absence of that person.
B is the Bradford Factor score.

Bradford Factor examples

Susan has one absence (S) of 11 days (D) over the course of the year. What is her Bradford Factor score? (B)

S² = 1 x 1
S² x D = 1 x 1 x 11.
S² x D = B = 1 x 1 x 11 = 11.

Susan’s Bradford Factor score is 11 points.

And here’s another:

Larry has seven absences (S) over the year. Each absence is for two days (D). What is his Bradford Factor score? (B)

S² = 7 x 7
S² x D = 7 x 7 x 14. Remember, D is the total number of days off. In this case 7 x 2 = 14.
S² x D = B = 7 x 7 x 14 = 686.

Larry’s Bradford Factor score is 686 points.

So what do these scores mean?

Each business that uses that Bradford Factor has their own high and low scores, which they refer to when monitoring staff absence over a set period.

Here is an example of trigger point scores you could use:

• 0 points = no concern about your employee
• 51 points = informal verbal warning
• 201 points = written warning
• 401 points = final written warning
• 601 points = enough cause for dismissal after continued absenteeism

In our examples, Susan's score of just 11 points didn't even warrant an informal warning.

Larry, on the other hand, has a whopping 686 points.

So what should you do about employees like Larry?

You should keep track of the Bradford Factor score of all of your staff, and tell them in writing that you're using the Bradford Factor to measure the effects of their absence on your business.

By taking these steps, you're able to stay aware of someone like Larry's time off as it gets worse. You should intervene at each trigger point and always adhere to your company procedure for absence and disciplinaries. This way, you can issue the warnings at the right times to lead up to their eventual dismissal if their absence pattern continues to get worse.

Make sure all employees have a copy of your absence management policy. You should make reference to the Bradford Factor in the policy.

However, in some cases, an employee's score will be very high for absences that are out of their control, such as when their child is sick. You should exercise discretion with each employee and avoid acting in a way that is discriminatory or unfair. Otherwise, you risk your employee making a claim, such as for unfair dismissal or indirect discrimination.

Want to know more about the Bradford Factor? Read about the advantages and disadvantages of the Bradford Factor.